How to control the environment of an open type poultry house
Time : 2021-09-24

Basic information

Controlling the environmental conditions of an open type of poultry house in which chickens live is as important as those required by humans. Ventilation and optimal heating, as well as light and the composition of the air are all essential to ensure that chickens are comfortable and content. If conditions are not right, and the chickens are not happy, this can have a direct impact on the profitability of the poultry farm, most poultry farms utilize some sort of poultry house for the birds

Some are totally enclosed, some are curtain sided, and others are of the open type. While enclosed poultry houses require mechanical ventilation all the time, open sided poultry houses have the advantage of being able to utilize natural air temperature and air movement for air exchange. However, many farmers prefer to combine natural forces with mechanical ventilation. Majority of the people in the poorest regions of the tropics rely on poultry production as their major source of protein supply

However, poultry production is hindered by the harsh environmental conditions in these regions therefore, reducing the daily supply of protein, it is believed that understanding heat stress in birds by paying detail attention to the sources of heat generation in a poultry house can help manage the heat stress situation in this region, this reviews the internal climatic conditions of the poultry houses, how the birds respond to them, and their implications for heat management in poultry production

Thus, it provides pertinent information for guidance on parameters for open poultry houses architectural design that ensures optimum climatic conditions that will alleviate heat stress problem in poultry production in hot and humid climate

How to control the environment of an open type poultry house


Control methods

1. Odour and flies can be controlled by minimizing the surface of manure in contact with frequent air collection of litter once a week in dry seasons and twice a week in rainy seasons, closed storage such as bags or closed sheds

2. Water and food borne disease propagation can be controlled by storing manure in a closed buildings or bags such storage system allows producers to hold manure untila convenient and optimum time for use

3. Storing of poultry manure in closed buildings reduces the emissionsof gaseous compounds to the air and the risk of environmental contamination as compared to the risk associated with leaving the manure exposed

4. Dead-bird management and disposal, which must comply  with legally accepted practices including rendering, composing, incineration and burial; a contingency plan should be in place for disposal of large numbers of dead birds in the event of disease outbreaks; in addition, consideration should be given to impacts on the physical environment e.g.  burial  pits  should  be  at  least  3  meters  above  the  maximum groundwater 

5. During the dry season is advisable to put dead birds in a holdingarea, such as a covered trailer, where they can remain frozen until burial is possible in the spring

6. Disposal of oil, fuel and antifreeze should be done through a licensed oil contractor. Disposal of refrigerant is regulated under the regulations for refrigerant, Contact your regional Government Services Centers for information on proper disposal methods for these materials

7. Reuse and recycle whenever possible. If this is not possible, equipment must be collected and disposed of at an approved municipal waste disposal site or facility or to a scrap dealer


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Factors that affect the environment in a poultry house

1. Temperature

Temperature levels are vital for poultry to thrive. If the temperature is too hot the chickens will start panting and they will change the position of their bodies to try and get cool. If this happens they will eat less and this will directly affect production because they will lose weight. When it is too cold, they tend to huddle together to get warm. When they do this they use what is known as “feed energy” to get warm, and they will need more food. If chickens have sufficient tissue insulation under the skin they might not be badly affected by a drop in temperature. But they will only develop this subcutaneous fat layer if they are being well fed. Feathers also aid insulation, but not enough if the poultry house is always too cold and/or too hot. Of course, huddling together also helps if it gets really cold. Farmers with open type poultry houses need to assess the behavior of their birds. If the chickens look uncomfortable or they are less active (or indeed more active), and they start coughing and sneezing, chances are the temperature isn't right. Thermometers at different locations within the house are also helpful

2. Relative humidity

While most of us think about humidity as damp, hot, and unpleasant air that makes us feel sweaty and uncomfortable, when it comes to the poultry house it’s a bit more complicated. The most important factor is relative humidity, which is measured by comparing the maximum humidity in the air with how much moisture there is in the air at a certain temperature. While relative humidity is measured scientifically, the important factor for the farmer is chicken health. This is because some respiratory diseases are caused by relative humidity that is too high, and others by relative humidity that is too low. And the main problem is that if the relative humidity is excessively high, condensation in the open type poultry house promotes the growth of harmful micro organisms that can affect the poultry adversely. There are a number of different ways to measure moisture content in poultry houses, most commonly a mechanical hygrometer or a psychrometer dry and wet bulb. But these devices only measure the moisture in the air. It is much more useful to measure humidity and temperature and to compare these measurements in terms of relativity. But it is quite an expensive process so is often ignored

3. Healthy air composition

Healthy air is vital to all living creatures. Gas and dust are both potentially extremely harmful to birds. Birds breathe in oxygen and breathe out a mixture of carbon dioxide and water. Even if the oxygen levels in the air are low they won’t suffer from “lack of oxygen”. However, there are some harmful gases that can adversely affect poultry including too much carbon dioxide that is primarily from air that is exhaled by the chickens, ammonia that is a by-product of manure and is easily bound to water. If the ammonia content is too high in the air the mucous membranes of the chickens will become irritated, hydrogen sulphide that also results from manure when it composes, it smells like rotten eggs and is considered to be a very dangerous gas. It can be fatal for humans animals so must be removed from the air, carbon monoxide that develops when there is not enough oxygen. It has no smell and is a very dangerous gas that can also kill and Sulphur dioxide that tends to develop when oil isused for fuel. If it is clean it usually is not a problem, but if oil is polluted sulphur dioxide will usually form

4. Movement of air

Young chicks are much more sensitive to air movement that older birds, but air draft is an issue that needs to be considered. Draft value is the measure poultry farmers need to be aware of, so to determine draft value you need to ascertain the difference in temperature between the air outside that blows into the open type poultry house and the air that is already inside. This must be multiplied by the speed of the air. So it is not something a layman could easily estimate, air movement is a lot easier to control if you can estimate draft value but it is dependent on internal ventilation, the size of the poultry house, and the slope of the roof. The way the coop is organized also plays a role. Ultimately, natural ventilation in poultry houses is preferred by many farmers because it costs less and less maintenance is required


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Frequently ask questions

Q: What is environmental management in poultry?

A: Effective environmental management of any poultry waste begins with an understanding of its composition and the physical, chemical, and microbiological reactions that control the fate of potential pollutants in the waste following land application

Q: How does poultry affect the environment?

A: Although poultry production has been found to be relatively environmentally friendly compared with the production of other livestock commodities, it still contributes to environmental impacts, such as global warming, eutrophication and acidification

Q: Why is it important to provide an optimum environment for the chicken?

A: The optimum environment for rearing poultry is not necessarily that which allows maximal gain in weight or egg output. Efficiency of productivity, including cost factors, must also be considered

Q: How chicken waste managed and what are the environmental impacts?

A: Chicken manure, especially when worked into the ground, improves soil structure and provides nutrients for plants. But over-fertilizing harms plants and can result in contaminated runoff

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